لغة أجنبية
الخطوط العريضة للقسم
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ينبغي للطلبةالتأشير بأنه منجز
Ethical behaviour is doing things that are morally right. Ethics (countable noun) are moral beliefs about what is right or wrong. Ethics (uncountable noun) is the study of this.
Ethically responsible companies want to do the right thing in areas such as:
Employment and community: they want to pay attention to things that affect all people, not just their employees, in the areas where the company has its offices, factories and activities.
The environment: they want to conduct business in ways that protect the environment to ensure that the air, rivers etc. are not polluted and plant and animal life are not endangered.
Winning new business: they want to get business without engaging in corrupt behaviour, for example offering bribes - money given to someone so that they behave unethically.
Companies want to be seen as good corporate citizens, with activities that are beneficial not only for their stakeholders - their employees, shareholders and so on – but for the community and society as a whole.
Accountability and transparency
Ethical corporate behaviour includes accountability - the idea that companies are completely responsible for what they do and that people should be able to expect them to explain their actions. Transparency is explaining this behaviour in a way that can be understood by outsiders, and not trying to hide anything. Companies may say that they demand high levels of probity and integrity - complete honesty - from their employees, and that they do not tolerate any form of misconduct.
Corporate social responsibility
Companies have long had codes of ethics and codes of conduct saying how their managers and employees should behave. Now they are looking at these issues in more systematic ways. They are designating executives to oversee the whole area of corporate social responsibility (CSR).
How to become good in all areas
Few companies are clear about how to manage what can be an amorphous collection of internal initiatives and external relationships on social, environmental and ethical issues.
Probity and responsibility must be embedded in a company’s culture, strategy and operations from the top down. But how can this be done? A new guide from Business for Social Responsibility, a US non-profit research and advisory organization with 1,400 member companies and affiliates, attempts to answer this by taking the reader step by step through the process of designing a corporate social responsibility management system.
Only a handful of companies have a full CSR management system in place, says the organization, which advises its members on how to make responsible practices integral to their strategy and operations. Its combined annual revenues of nearly $2,000 bn and employ 6m people. They include ABB, British Airways, Coca-Cola, Ikea, Unilever and Wal-Mart. The scandals in the US have underlined how “corporate responsibility taskforces” and codes of conduct are not enough on their own and can sometimes be a smokescreen.
Creating and building a successful CSR management system is a complex, long- term project for any company,” says the report. “It involves a shift in the way a company conducts business and can be likened to implementing other large- scale change initiatives such as total quality management.”
The guide runs through basics such as who currently has responsibility for CSR in the company, why a better management structure might improve things and what “hotbutton” issues (child labour, drug pricing) face different sectors. It encourages companies to think hard about their stakeholders, what their concerns are, how credible and influential they are and whether they are a potential long-term partner or liability.
Quiz 1: Say if the statements below are true or false, identifying the phrase or sentence from the article that confirms your answer
1. Most companies have clear, coherent policies on social, environmental and ethical issues.
2. If a company behaves with probity, it has high ethical standards.
3. Business for Social Responsibility has a coherent approach to designing a corporate social responsibility management system.
4. It’s simple for a company to add a CSR management system to its day-to-day business.
5. Codes of conduct are enough to ensure ethical behaviour.
6. The guide says that a company’s stakeholders should all be kept happy so that they are all retained by the company over the long term.
Quiz 2: Complete the sentences, with expressions from the text
1. The company was accused of giving ................................ to local officials in order to allow their products into the country more quickly.
2. The company has supported several projects in the local ................................. where its factories are situated.
3. Voters demanded that there should be greater ................................ in the election process so that they could understand it fully.
4. Following the scandals of Enron, Worldcom and others, there is greater emphasis in business schools on the teaching of ………………………
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ينبغي للطلبةالتأشير بأنه منجز
A company is, in general, any group of persons (known as its members) united to pursue a common interest. The term is thus synonymous with association, but more often it is used specifically to identify associations formed for profit, such as the partnership, the joint-stock company, and the for-profit corporation. A company is not necessarily a corporation, and thus may not have a separate existence from its members. A company might also not be able to sue or be sued in its own name, and thus would not be considered to be a legal person. Whether a company has either of these characteristics depend on the law of the jurisdiction. Although associations of persons carrying on business must have existed from time immemorial, the oldest continually-operating business in existence is Japanese firm Kongo Gumi, which was founded in the sixth century.
A voluntary association (also sometimes called just an association) is a group of individuals who voluntarily enter into an agreement to form a body (or organization) to accomplish a purpose.Strictly speaking in many jurisdictions no formalities are necessary to start an association, although it is difficult to imagine how a one person association would operate. In some jurisdictions, there is a minimum for the number of persons starting an association. Some jurisdictions require that the association register with the police or other official body to inform the public of the association’s existence. This is not necessarily a tool of political control but much more a way of protecting the economy from fraud. In many such jurisdictions, only a registered association is a legal person whose membership is not responsible for the financial acts of the association. Any group of persons may, of course, work as an association but in such case, the persons making a transaction in the name of the association are all responsible for it.
Associations that are organized for profit or financial gain are usually called partnerships. A special kind of partnership is a co-operative which is usually founded on one man - one vote principle and distributes its profits according to the amount of goods produced or bought by the member. Associations may take the form of a non-profit organization or they may be not-for-profit corporations; this does not mean that the association cannot make benefits from its activity, but all the benefits must be reinvested. Most associations have some kind of document or documents that regulate the way in which the body meets and operates. Such an instrument is often called the organization’s bylaws, regulations, or agreement of association.
In some civil law systems, an association is considered a special form of contract. In the Civil Code of Quebec this is a type of nominate contract. The association can be a body corporate, and can thus open a bank account, make contracts (rent premises, hire employees, take out an insurance policy), lodge a complaint etc. In France, conventional associations are regulated by the Waldeck-Rousseau law of July 1, 1901 and are thus called Association loi 1901, except in Alsace and Moselle where the law of April 19, 1908 applies (these countries were German in 1901). In Texas, state law has statutes concerning unincorporated nonprofit associations that allow unincorporated associations that meet certain criteria to operate as an entity independent of its members, with the right to own property, make contracts, sue and be sued, as well as limited liability to it officers and members.
Quiz 1: Renting a place
• Q1 In order for you to buy a house in the United States, it is important that you have a good ....... report.
(a) school (b) medical (c) credit (d) dental
• Q2 If you have pets, it is always necessary to pay for a pet ....... when you rent an apartment.
(a) deposit (b) vaccination (c) leash (d) walker
• Q3 When you are interested in buying or renting a place you have to fill out .......,which is a type of written request for an apartment or house.
(a) a police report (b) an application (c) an IRS form (d) a parking ticket
• Q4 Sometimes when you rent a studio apartment, it comes already ........
(a) with pets (b) with a pool (c) with a backyard (d) furnished
• Q5 ....... is a person who is renting the apartment or house.
(a) Landlord (b) Tenant (c) Houseguest (d) Host
• Q6 ....... is a person who owns and runs an apartment building, a house or a land.
(a) Tenant (b) Ranger (c) Landlord (d) Seller
• Q7 If you wish to temporarily rent your apartment to someone else, that means you ....... your apartment to that person.
(a) sublet (b) buy (c) employ (d) hire
• Q8 It is always good to provide ....... letter to the landlord to prove that you are a good character.
(a) an accredited (b) a touching (c) an anonymous (d) a reference
• Q9 ....... is a contract that determines for how long you can stay at the place you are renting and how much you have to pay.
(a) Document (b) Lease (c) Loan (d) License
• Q10 Application fees are usually ......., which means you don't get your money back.
(a) restituted (b) reimbursed (c) non-refundable (d) inexpensive
Quiz 2: Ways of commenting
• Q1 If you want my honest opinion, I thought the play was ........
(a) litter (b) dust (c) waste (d) rubbish
• Q2 It was quite a good film but I thought the characters were a bit like ........
(a) paper (b) cardboard (c) plastic (d) material
• Q3 It's quite a nice car but there was not very much ....... in the back.
(a) area (b) limit (c) room (d) fullness
• Q4 She's pleasant enough but not very pretty. In fact I'd say she was rather ........
(a) plain (b) straight (c) simple (d) casual
• Q5 The first time you see the view you can't believe it. It almost takes your breath ........
(a) out (b) over (c) under (d) away
• Q6 I sat through the concert feeling really bored and sleepy and had to stop myself from ....... several times.
(a) gaping (b) yawning (c) stretching (d) crying
• Q7 It was one of the most embarrassing moments of my life and I just wanted the ground to ....... up and swallow me.
(a) ease (b) throe (c) open (d) crack
• Q8 In my opinion no one in their right mind would ever go and pay to see a play ....... that.
(a) as (b) same (c) more (d) like
• Q9 The room was good, the bed was comfortable and the service was excellent but the hotel food left a lot to be ........
(a) required (b) desired (c) demanded (d) included
• Q10 To be perfectly honest with you I think that this is the best test I've ever taken in my entire ........
(a) life (b) days (c) duration (d) stay
QUIZ 1
1.C2.A3.B4.D5.B6.C7.A8.D9.B10.CQUIZ 2
1.D2.B3.C4.A5.D6.B7.C8.D9.B10.A
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ينبغي للطلبةالتأشير بأنه منجز
Nearly every person who makes the decision to start a business is an entrepreneur because he or she is willing to take a risk. Usually people decide to start a business to gain profits and to “do something on their own” or to be their own boss.
Entrepreneurs then gather the factors of production and decide on the form of business organization that best suits their purposes. Anyone hoping to become an entrepreneur must also learn as much as possible about the business he or she plans to start. This process includes learning about the laws, regulations, and tax codes that will apply to the business.
Elements of Business Operation
To start a business, you must make potential customers aware that your services are available for a price. You could have one-page fliers printed to advertise your business and pass them out. You could also buy advertising space in the local newspaper.Every business, regardless of size, involves four elements: expenses, advertising, receipts and record keeping, and risk.
Expenses
If you own a painting business, you will need to purchase brushes and paint. As your business grows, you might invest in paint sprayers so that you can complete jobs faster. This new equipment would add to your income, but will probably take more money capital than you have on hand.
Advertising
You will quickly find out that letting potential customers know that you are in business is costly. Once you have customers, however, information about your business will spread by word of mouth.
Receipts and Record Keeping
No matter how small your business is, having a system to track your expenses and income is key to your success. All receipts should be safely filed and saved.
Risk
Every business involves risks. You must balance the risks against the advantages of being in business for yourself - including profit versus loss.
Depending on the kinds of jobs you do, you will need equipment and replacement parts. At first, you might buy parts as you need them for a particular job: In time, you will find it easier to have an inventory. An inventory is a supply of whatever items are used in a business.
Probably one of the first things you want to do, if you have not already done so, is buy a computer. With the computer, you also should purchase the programs that will allow you to keep track of all your expenses and all your receipts. Many such programs exist and are relatively inexpensive. Programs write checks for you, calculate your monthly profit and loss, tell you the difference between what you own and what you owe (called net worth), and so on.
As an entrepreneur, you are taking many risks, but the profit you expect to make is your incentive for taking those risks. For example, if you spend part of your savings to pay for advertising and equipment, you are taking a risk. You may not get enough business to cover these costs.
Whenever you buy a special part for a job, you are taking a risk. Suppose you do the work and your customer never pays you. You are even taking a risk with the time you spend. You are using time to think about what you will do, to write ads, to set up the bookkeeping, and so on.
This time is an opportunity cost. You could have used it to do something else, including work for someone for a wage. If you work for someone else, you take only the risk of not being paid, which is usually small. As an entrepreneur your risks are great, but so are the potential rewards.
Quiz 1: Ways of disapproving
• Q1 There is no way that I can agree to you ....... early today.
(a) submitting (b) renouncing (c) leaving (d) departing
• Q2 I must object and make it clear that I am totally ....... any measures that suggest changes to the original scheme.
(a) up (b) without (c) against (d) off
• Q3 He has the ....... of always rejecting any idea that will change the current arrangements.
(a) habit (b) custom (c) task (d) job
• Q4 I cannot condone that sort of ....... in my establishment and would ask you to remember that in future.
(a) routine (b) manners (c) going (d) behaviour
• Q5 I have no choice really but to turn ....... your recent proposal because it is completely unworkable.
(a) off (b) over (c) down (d) across
• Q6 They can't possibly go ....... with your suggestions because it will involve too much expenditure.
(a) over (b) along (c) in (d) above
• Q7 Quite honestly I'd have to be out of my ....... to sanction what is a crazy proposition.
(a) sense (b) balance (c) thought (d) mind
• Q8 When her father discovered that his daughter wanted to marry a pop singer, he decided to put every ....... In their way to prevent the marriage.
(a) obstacle (b) burden (c) impediment (d) problem
• Q9 He told me there was definitely no ....... that I would pass my examination until I did some work.
(a) occasion (b) chance (c) opportunity (d) time
• Q10 You could tell by the ....... he refused to smile that he didn't like the story.
(a) method (b) plan (c) way (d) path
Quiz 2: Advertising
• Q1 In order to make a sensible ....... among the different vacuum cleaners available, it is important to do some research.
(a) comparing (b) comparison (c) compares (d) comparative
• Q2 The local department store has to make a sustained effort at this time of the year to ....... customer demand for summer clothing.
(a) satisfy (b) satisfaction (c) satisfies (d) satisfying
• Q3 A good team leader must be able to ....... his colleagues to face the challenge of a downturn in business.
(a) inspiring (b) inspiration (c) inspires (d) inspire
• Q4 The ....... trend in children's desire to wear designer label clothes should be exploited.
(a) currant (b) current (c) occuring (d) occured
• Q5 You have to ....... the public that it is in their own interest to read the instructions on all our medicines.
(a) convict (b) conviction (c) convince (d) convincing
• Q6 In order to survive in this business you must adopt a ....... stance.
(a) competition (b) competing (c) competitor (d) competitive
• Q7 The ....... of alcohol is not allowed in any of the company's premises in order to present a clean image.
(a) consumer (b) consumption (c) consuming (d) consumes
• Q8 When you are setting out to ....... new customers in an advertisement, choose the right words.
(a) attraction (b) attractive (c) attract (d) attracts
• Q9 The really effective television commercial is the one that ....... you of its authenticity.
(a) persuades (b) persuasion (c) persuasive (d) persuading
• Q10 I can strongly recommend this ....... as the best available on the market today.
(a) producer (b) product (c) production (d) produce•QUIZ 11.C2.C3.A4.D5.C6.B7.D8.A9.B10.CQUIZ 2
1.B2.A3.D4.B5.C6.D7.B8.C9.A10.B
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ينبغي للطلبةالتأشير بأنه منجز
The need for a solid structure within all business entities is “absolutely fundamental”, according to Ms. Angela Tripoli, a lecturer in Business Administration at University College Dublin. “Organizational structure concerns who reports to whom in the company and how different elements are grouped together. A new company cannot go forward without this, and established companies must ensure their structure reflects their target markets, goals and available technology”. Depending on their size and needs there are several organizational structures companies can choose from. Increasingly though, in the constantly evolving business environment, “many firms are opting for a kind of hybrid of all of them”.
The most recognizable set up is called the functional structure where a fairly traditional chain of command (incorporating senior management, middle management and junior management) is put in place. The main benefit of this system is clear lines of communication from top to bottom but it is generally accepted that it can also be a bureaucratic set up which does not favour speedy decision-making.
More and more companies are organizing themselves along product lines where companies have separate divisions according to the product that is being worked on. “In this case the focus is always on the product and how it can be improved”.
The importance for multinational companies of a good geographic structure, said Ms. Tripoli, could be seen when one electrical products manufacturer produced an innovative rice cooker which made perfect rice - according to western standards. When they tried to sell it on the Asian market the product flopped because there were no country managers informing them of the changes that would need to be made in order to satisfy this more demanding market.
The matrix structure first evolved during a project developed by NASA when they needed to pool together different skills from a variety of functional areas. Essentially the matrix structure organizes a business into project teams, led by project leaders, to carry out certain objectives. Training is vitally important here in order to avoid conflict between the various members of the teams.
During the 1980s a wave of restructuring went through industry around the globe. This process, known as delayering, saw a change in the traditional hierarchical structures with layers of middle management being removed. This development was, driven by new technology and by the need to reduce costs. The overall result was organizations that were less bureaucratic. The delayering process has run its course now. Among the trends that currently influence how a company organizes itself is the move towards centralization and outsourcing. Restructuring has evolved along with a more “customercentric” approach that can be seen to good effect in the banks. They now categorize their customers and their complex borrowing needs into groups instead of along rigid product lines. Another development can be seen in larger companies, which are giving their employees more freedom to innovate in order to maintain a competitive edge.
Ms. Julia MacLauchlan, Director of Microsoft’s European Product Development Centre in Dublin, said the leading software company had a very flat organizational structure. “There would not be more than around seven levels between the average software tester and Bill Gates”, she said.
Microsoft is a good example of a company that is structured along product lines. In Ireland, where 1,000 employees work on localization of the software for all Microsoft’s markets, the company is split up into seven business units. Each unit controls the localization of their specific products while working closely with the designers in Microsoft’s Seattle Headquarters. It works, said Ms. MacLauchlan, because everyone who works in the unit is “incredibly empowered”. “Without a huge bureaucratic infrastructure people can react a lot more quickly to any challenges and work towards the company’s objectives”.
Quiz 1: Ways of greeting
• Q1 Great to see you again. I haven't seen you ....... ages.
(a) by (b) from (c) of (d) for
• Q2 Welcome to our house. Come in and make yourself ........
(a) comfortable (b) easy (c) relaxing (d) comforting
• Q3 How do you do? I don't think we've met ........
(a) after (b) since (c) then (d) before
• Q4 Hi Mary. Where have you been ....... yourself all this time?
(a) discovering (b) hiding (c) finding (d) looking
• Q5 Good morning, sir. I hope you will have an enjoyable ....... in our hotel.
(a) stay (b) halt (c) stop (d) sojourn
• Q6 Good evening to you all. Let me find you a ....... near the window.
(a) corner (b) angle (c) table (d) part
• Q7 How are you, David.? I must ....... you're looking very well.
(a) declare (b) recite (c) state (d) admit
• Q8 Hello there. I just don't believe it. You haven't changed a ....... since we last met.
(a) bit (b) piece (c) little (d) section
• Q9 Ah, you must be Mary's husband. Do come in and ....... everyone.
(a) see (b) look (c) find (d) meet
• Q10 Here you are at last! I hope your ....... here wasn't too horrible.
(a) travel (b) journey (c) trip (d) voyage
Quiz 2: The Business Plan
• Q1 The initial responsibility of a business plan is to help to develop a ....... business strategy.
(a) strict (b) hidden (c) regional (d) solid
• Q2 First, you should describe your products and services and discuss the market that you are ........
(a) goaling (b) aiming (c) targeting (d) goading
• Q3 If you wish to interest investors, you need to emphasize the company's profit ........
(a) potential (b) chance (c) taking (d) deal
• Q4 You should be particularly careful to adequately ....... the risks in the business.
(a) launch (b) bare (c) disclose (d) unleash
• Q5 You should examine customer ....... and the benefits of your products and services.
(a) pockets (b) files (c) needs (d) returns
• Q6 ....... the strong and weak points of any firms in competition with yours and look for marketplace opportunities.
(a) Equate (b) Evaluate (c) Erase (d) Eliminate
• Q7 If you can find a particular market ....... to focus on, you should investigate this further.
(a) location (b) corner (c) industry (d) niche
• Q8 It may also be possible for you to ....... your products differently in the marketplace to attract new customers.
(a) position (b) set (c) spread (d) situate
• Q9 It is not a good idea to exaggerate sales projections, and it is just as poor an idea to ....... operating costs.
(a) overtake (b) undertake (c) overestimate (d) underestimate
• Q10 If you forecast conservatively, you will be more likely to maintain an extra ....... of cash.
(a) pillow (b) comforter (c) pillar (d) cushionQuiz 1:
1.d2.a3.d4.b5.a6.c7.d8.a9.d10.bQuiz 2:
1.d2.c3.a4.c5.c6.b7.d8.a9.d10.d
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ينبغي للطلبةالتأشير بأنه منجز
Most organizations have a hierarchical or pyramidal structure, with one person or a group of people at the top, and an increasing number of people below them at each successive level. There is a clear line or chain of command running down the pyramid. All the people in the organization know what decisions they are able to make, who their superior (or boss) is (to whom they report), and who their immediate subordinates are (to whom they can give instructions).
Some people in an organization have colleagues who help them: for example, there might be an Assistant to the Marketing Manager. This is known as a staff position: its holder has no line authority, and is not integrated into the chain of command, unlike, for example, the Assistant Marketing Manager, who is number two in the marketing department.
Yet the activities of most companies are too complicated to be organized in a single hierarchy. Shortly before the First World War, the French industrialist Henry Fayol organized his coal-mining business according to the functions that it had to carry out. He is generally credited with inventing functional organization.
Today, most large manufacturing organizations have a functional structure, including (among others) production, finance, marketing, sales, and personnel or staff departments. This means, for example, that the production and marketing departments cannot take financial decisions without consulting the finance department.
Functional organization is efficient, but there are two standard criticisms. Firstly, people are usually more concerned with the success of their department than that of the company, so there are permanent battles between, for example, finance and marketing, or marketing and production, which have incompatible goals. Secondly, separating functions is unlikely to encourage innovation.
Yet for a large organization manufacturing a range of products, having a single production department is generally inefficient. Consequently, most large companies are decentralized, following the model of Alfred Sloan, who divided General Motors into separate operating divisions in 1920. Each division had its own engineering, production and sales departments, made a different category of car (but with some overlap, to encourage internal competition), and was expected to make a profit.
Businesses that cannot be divided into autonomous divisions with their own markets can simulate decentralization, setting up divisions that deal with each other using internally determined transfer prices. Many banks, for example, have established commercial, corporate, private banking, international and investment divisions.
An inherent problem of hierarchies is that people at lower levels are unable to make important decisions, but have to pass on responsibility to their boss. One solution to this is matrix management, in which people report to more than one superior. For example, a product manager with an idea might be able to deal directly with managers responsible for a certain market segment and for a geographical region, as well as the managers responsible for the traditional functions of finance, sales and production.
This is one way of keeping authority at lower levels, but it is not necessarily a very efficient one. Thomas Peters and Robert Waterman, in their well-known book In Search of Excellence, insist on the necessity of pushing authority and autonomy down the line, but they argue that one element -probably the product- must have priority; four-dimensional matrices are far too complex.
A further possibility is to have wholly autonomous, temporary groups or teams that are responsible for an entire project, and are split up as soon as it is successfully completed.
Teams are often not very good for decision-making, and they run the risk of relational problems, unless they are small and have a lot of self-discipline. In fact they still require a definite leader, on whom their success probably depends.
Quiz 1: Ways of saying goodbye
• Q1 I'm afraid it's ....... we left.
(a) occasion (b) time (c) opportunity (d) hour
• Q2 If you don't ......., I think we'll be cutting along.
(a) care (b) think (c) believe (d) mind
• Q3 I'll be seeing you then in due ........
(a) path (b) direction (c) course (d) route
• Q4 Well, as they say all good things come to an ........
(a) end (b) conclusion (c) finale (d) finality
• Q5 Thank you so much for ....... us you must come to us next time.
(a) taking (b) getting (c) making (d) having
• Q6 Good bye then and ....... me to all your family.
(a) remind (b) remember (c) recall (d) repeat
• Q7 If we don't leave now I'm afraid we'll ....... the last train.
(a) forget (b) fail (c) miss (d) turn
• Q8 It's been great meeting up again and we mustn't ....... it so long next time.
(a) leave (b) take (c) wait (d) lose
• Q9 Looks ....... we ought to be going really as it's got so late.
(a) as (b) like (c) when (d) for
• Q10 Well, there's ....... for it but simply to wish you well and say goodbye.
(a) something (b) everything (c) anything (d) nothing
Quiz 2: Quality Control
• Q1 The reason why I always buy my clothes at this store is because all the ....... they sell are of very high quality.
(a) types (b) species (c) brands (d) standards
• Q2 Before these articles leave the factory to be forwarded to the retailer, each one is thoroughly ........
(a) seen (b) looked at (c) appraised (d) inspected
• Q3 The advantages of working for this company is that all employees ....... themselves as a member of the team.
(a) believe (b) think (c) perceive (d) hold
• Q4 If for any reason customers do not like the item they have bought, they always ....... and get a refund.
(a) hold it back (b) take it back (c) keep it back (d) give it back
• Q5 The great thing about this particular material is that however much you screw it up, it never ........
(a) wrinkles (b) twists (c) turns (d) folds
• Q6 The company insists that all their products are ....... in respect of their quality, specification and look.
(a) actual (b) identity (c) typical (d) uniform
• Q7 This is the department for children's clothes and each ....... is marked with the recommended age range.
(a) cloth (b) garment (c) clothing (d) clothe
• Q8 The sole purpose of this jacket is to ....... water and if you wear it in the rain and still get wet, it's useless.
(a) reject (b) repulse (c) repel (d) return
• Q9 The whole look of the shop front is ....... by the introduction of bright colours.
(a) engrossed (b) enlarged (c) enveloped (d) enhanced
• Q10 These pots are being sold as seconds because each one has a slight ....... in the glaze.
(a) defect (b) mistake (c) error (d) faulting
Quiz 1:
1.b2.d3.c4.a5.d6.b7.c8.a9.b10.dQuiz 2:
1.c2.d3.c4.b5.a6.d7.b8.c9.d10.a
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ينبغي للطلبةالتأشير بأنه منجز
American businesses produce, market, and distribute goods and services. Money makes it possible for businesses to obtain what they need from suppliers and for consumers to obtain goods. Money is defined as anything customarily used as a medium of exchange, a unit of accounting, and a store of value. The basis of the market economy is voluntary exchange. In the American economy, the exchange usually involves money in return for a good or service.
The Functions of Money
Most Americans think of money as bills, coins, and checks. Historically, and in other economies, money might be shells, gold, or even goods such as sheep. Economists identify money by the presence or absence of certain functions. Anything that is used as a medium of exchange, a unit of accounting, and a store of value is considered money. For example, Native Americans used wampum - beads made from shells. Fijians have used whales’ teeth. There are three functions of money.
1- Medium of Exchange
To say that money is a medium of exchange simply means that a seller will accept it in exchange for a good or service. Most people are paid for their work in money, which they then can use to buy whatever they need or want. Without money people would have to barter - exchange goods and service for other goods and services. Suppose you worked in a grocery store and were paid in groceries because money did not exist. To get whatever you needed, such as clothes and housing, you would have to find people who have the goods that you want. In addition, those people would have to want the exact goods - in this case, groceries - that you have. Barter requires what economists call a double coincidence of wants. Each party to a transaction must want exactly what the other person has to offer. This situation is rare. As a result, people in societies that barter for goods spend great amounts of time and effort making trades with one another. Bartering can work only in small societies with fairly simple economic systems.
2- Unit of Accounting
Money is the yardstick that allows people to compare the values of goods and services in relation to one another. Money that is a measure of value functions in this way as a unit of accounting. Each nation uses a basic unit to measure the value of goods, as it uses the foot or meter to measure distance. In the United States, this base unit of value is the dollar. In Japan, it is the yen; in France, the franc. An item for sale is marked with a price that indicates its value in terms of that unit. Using money as the single unit of accounting provides a simple and convenient way to compare the values of various items. By using money prices as a factor in comparing goods, people can determine whether one item is a better bargain than another. A single unit of accounting also allows people to keep accurate financial records - records of debts owed, income saved, and so on. Businesspeople can better calculate their profits and losses over the years by using a single money unit of accounting.
3- Store of Value
Money also serves as a store of value. You can sell something, such as your labor, and store the purchasing power that results from the sale in the form of money for later use. People usually receive their money income once a week, once every two weeks, or once a month. However, they usually spend their income at different times during a pay period. To be able to buy things between paydays, a person can store some of his or her income in cash and some in a checking account. It is important to note that in periods of rapid and unpredictable inflation, money is less able to act as a store of value.
Quiz 1: Ways of approving
• Q1 I'm quite happy to support you in your ....... for a loan.
(a) subscription (b) indication (c) application (d) abdication
• Q2 I must admit I think your idea is well ....... considering.
(a) valuable (b) worthy (c) value (d) worth
• Q3 I shall certainly recommend your ....... for improving safety in the work place.
(a) proposal (b) preference (c) preferment (d) proponent
• Q4 You can ....... on me for support when the next election comes up.
(a) number (b) count (c) account (d) detail
• Q5 I would ....... like to endorse your scheme for saving water.
(a)full heartedly (b)open heartedly (c)wholeheartedly (d)complete heartedly
• Q6 The local council has approved the plans for ....... their house.
(a) developing (b) lengthening (c) widening (d) extending
• Q7 You can ....... on me to support you when the matter is discussed at the next meeting.
(a) rely (b) trust (c) believe (d) follow
• Q8 His choice of a new wife ....... with his parents' approval.
(a) struck (b) met (c) hit (d) fell
• Q9 They all promised they would stand ....... him when he put forward the idea of a strike.
(a) on (b) to (c) by (d) through
• Q10 The meeting unanimously supported the chairman when he suggested that they ....... the meeting.
(a) shut (b) finalise (c) stop (d) close
Quiz 2: Money Matters (1)
• Q1 Even after their recent heavy expenses, they still found there was a healthy ....... in their bank account.
(a) rest (b) remainder (c) balance (d) basis
• Q2 As the builder wanted cash for the work he had done, she had to go to the bank personally to ....... the money herself.
(a) take off (b) take out (c) take over (d) take in
• Q3 It was considered a very good time to apply for a ....... to buy the house because interest rates were very low.
(a) pledge (b) promise (c) mortgage (d) borrowing
• Q4 Before they could borrow a large sum of money to buy the house, they had to make sure they had enough money to be able to make a ....... payment.
(a) down (b) through (c) low (d) base
• Q5 All the ....... you make on your internet account are recorded so that you can check the details at any time.
(a) movements (b) deals (c) activities (d) transactions
• Q6 I'm afraid this cheque will be of no value until you have put your ....... on it.
(a) signature (b) signs (c) signing (d) signed
• Q7 The bank refused to ....... the money order because the customer had no proof of identity.
(a) receive (b) take (c) accept (d) enter
• Q8 Under the rules laid down by the bank there is a ....... on the amount of money you can get out from a cash machine in any one day.
(a) limiting (b) restriction (c) restricting (d) limitation
• Q9 The bank clerk at the counter did not know the customer and in view of the large amount of money involved was naturally ....... about paying out the sum on the cheque.
(a) concerned (b) careful (c) conscious (d) cautious
• Q10 The bank will simply not let you ....... any money unless you can prove that you have been in regular employment for at least three years.
(a) lend (b) loan (c) borrow (d) removeQuiz 1:
1.c2.d3.a4.b5.c6.d7.a8.b9.c10.dQuiz 2:
1.c2.b3.c4.a5.d6.a7.c8.b9.d10.c
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ينبغي للطلبةالتأشير بأنه منجز
Anything that people are willing to accept in exchange for goods can serve as money.
At various times in history, cattle, salt, animal hides, gems, and tobacco have been used as mediums of exchange. Each of these items has certain characteristics that it better or worse than others for use as money. Cattle, for example, are difficult, to transport, but they are durable. Gems are easy to carry, but they are not easy to split into small pieces to use.
The table below lists the major characteristics that to some degree all items used as money must have. Almost any item that meets most of these criteria can be and probably has been used as money. Precious metals, however, particularly gold and silver, are especially well suited as mediums of exchange, and have often been used as such throughout history. It is only in more recent times that paper money has been widely used as a medium of exchange.
Mediums of exchange such as cattle and gems are considered commodity money. They have a value as a commodity, or good, aside from their value as money. Cattle are used for food and transportation. Gems are used for jewelry.
Representative money is money backed by - exchangeable for - some commodity, such as gold or silver. It is not in itself valuable for non-money uses, but it can be exchanged for some valuable item. Like commodity money, the amount of representative money circulation, or in use by people, is limited because it is linked to some scarce good, such as gold. At one time the United States government issued representative money in the form silver and gold certificates. In addition, private banks accepted deposits of gold or silver and issued paper money, called bank notes.
These were a promise to convert the paper money into coin or bullion on demand. The banks were supposed to keep enough gold or silver in reserve - on hand to redeem their bank notes. Often, they did not.
Today all United States money is fiat money. Its face value occurs through government fiat, or order. It is in this way declared legal tender.
Characteristic
Description
Durable
Money must be able to withstand the wear and tear of being passed from person to person. Paper money lasts on the average of only one year, but old bills can be easily replaced.Coins, in contrast, last for years.
Portable
Money can be carried around easily. Though paper money is not very durable, people can easily carry large sums of paper money.
Divisible
Money must be easily divided into small parts so that purchases of any price can be made. Carrying coins and small bills makes it possible to make purchases of any amount.
Stable in value
Money must be stable in value. Its value cannot change rapidly or its usefulness as a store of value will decrease.
Scarce
Whatever is used as money must be scarce. That is what gives it value.
Accepted
Whatever is used as money must be accepted as a medium of exchange in payment for debts. In the United States, acceptance is based on the knowledge that others will continue to accept paper money, coins, and checks in exchange for desired goods and services.
1. A fixed amount which is paid, usually monthly, to workers of higher rank
a s _ _ _ _ _
2. An amount of money which you lend to someone
a l _ _ _
3. A sum of money which is owed to someone
a d _ _ _
4. Money which is in the form of coins and notes, not cheques
c _ _ _
5. An amount of money you receive, usually weekly, in return for labour or service
a w _ _ _
6. Money paid by divorced father to his former wife for the upkeep of his children
a_ _ _ _ _ y
7. Tax on imported articles paid to the customs
_ _ _ y
8. Paid at a restaurant after eating
a _ _ _ l
9. Extra percentage paid on a loan
i _ _ _ _ _ _ _
10. Money paid for professional services, e.g. to a doctor
a f _ _
11. Money paid by the state, usually to students
a g _ _ _ _
12. Money paid by a company or the state on your retirement
a p _ _ _ _ _ _
13. Paid as a punishment for breaking the law
a f _ _ _
14. Paid to the government for services that the state provides
_ _ _ _ s
15. Paid while traveling, especially on public transport, buses, train, etc.
a f _ _ _
Quiz 1: Ways of showing pleasure
• Q1 Now that's what I call absolutely ........
(a) perfect (b) finished (c) completed (d) ended
• Q2 You couldn't have made that drink better if you'd ........
(a) tested (b) trailed (c) required (d) tried
• Q3 What a delightful ....... those flowers give off when you touch them.
(a) bloom (b) colour (c) scent (d) smell
• Q4 Words just ....... me when I try to say how happy I am.
(a) fail (b) miss (c) pass (d) fool
• Q5 I can ....... say that I don't think I've ever enjoyed myself so much before.
(a) surely (b) safely (c) clearly (d) notably
• Q6 There's really nothing like it, is there when you find you've ....... all the answers to the test right?
(a) found (b) seen (c) acquired (d) got
• Q7 The only problem with your cooking is that the more I eat, the more I want ....... more.
(a) any (b) all (c) some (d) no
• Q8 I must be ....... because it's all too good to be true.
(a) thinking (b) dreaming (c) sleeping (d) dozing
• Q9 Just let me try one more of your delicious chocolates and then I'll ....... not to take any more.
(a) promise (b) assure (c) confirm (d) affirm
• Q10 It's absolute ....... here. I think I'll stay at this hotel one more week.
(a) clarity (b) certainty (c) bliss (d) fortune
Quiz 2: Money Matters (2)
• Q1 Good ....... procedures are very important if you want to run a business profitably and successfully.
(a) accounted (b) accounting (c) accounts (d) accountants
• Q2 The company fell heavily into ....... when it took on too many customers and offered them all cheap warranties.
(a) debt (b) debts (c) owing (d) owes
• Q3 Once you have built up your company, you must remember to keep in touch with your original ........
(a) people (b) contributors (c) clients (d) members
• Q4 Each department within the organisation is given a ....... within which it has to remain for the whole year.
(a) sum (b) money (c) dividend (d) budget
• Q5 When the time came to close the business down, its entire ....... had to be calculated so that the creditors could be paid off.
(a) earnings (b) assets (c) accumulation (d) asset
• Q6 The manager called in her chief clerk because she could not ....... the figures on the monthly spreadsheet.
(a) acquaint (b) resolve (c) reconcile (d) recognize
• Q7 Every year the college finance officer did not look forward to the visit from the government official who came to ....... the accounts.
(a) order (b) regulate (c) control (d) audit
• Q8 It was a great relief to Charlie when he realized that he had come to the end of his agreement with the bank and there was only one ....... payment left.
(a) extraordinary (b) upstanding (c) outstanding (d) standing
• Q9 The building society sent a letter to all its savers and ....... that there would be a reduction in the interest rate.
(a) lenders (b) borrowers (c) loans (d) takers
• Q10 Shortly after the couple had bought their first house, they saw the number of bills ....... rapidly.
(a) accentuate (b) aggravate (c) accumulate (d) access
Exercise 1 :
1.a salary2.a loan3.a debt4.cash5.a wage●6.alimony7.duty8.a bill9.interest10.a fee11.a grant12.a pension13.a fine14.taxes15.a fareQuiz 1 :
1.a2.d3.c4.a5.b6.d7.c8.b9.a10.cQuiz 2 :
1.b2.a3.c4.d5.b6.c7.d8.c9.b10.c
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ينبغي للطلبةالتأشير بأنه منجز
You are probably used to making informal calls to family and friends. When making calls to companies, however, some special rules and conventions apply. This article explains how to call someone in a company that you do not know personally (the most common kind of formal call made by students) and give you some models and language that you can use.
General rules
When making a formal call, three rules should influence your choice of words:
· Be brief. Do not waste the receiver’s time.
· Be clear. Explain the background and purpose of your call.
· Be polite. Recognize the receiver’s point of view.
These rules can sometimes conflict. If you are too brief, you may confuse the receiver or appear impolite. Try to balance the three rules.
Making a call to someone you do not know. The most difficult calls to make are calls to people that you do not know. Usually, the purpose of your call will be to make a request for information or a meeting. This kind of call can be divided into sections according to the function each serves: Locate the person · Make request · Make arrangement · Close the call. In the following examples, we will imagine that you are calling Mr. Lau to arrange a visit to his office.
Locate the person
If the person you want to speak answers the call, this part is simple. If the receiver gives her name when he answers your call, you can skip to the next stage. If the receiver does not give his name, you can confirm that you have the right person: Hello, is that Mr. Lau?
More often the number that you have will connect you to an operator or secretary. In this case you will have to ask to speak to Mr. Lau: Hello, I’d like to speak to Mr. Lau Kam-Cheong, please.
If Mr. Lau is not available, you will need to find out when you can speak to him: Could you tell me when he will be available?
If the person you are calling has a busy schedule, you may have to call several times. When you are finally connected, it is best to pretend that this is your first call. Do not mention how difficult it was to make contact!
Sometimes, you will not know the name of the person who might be able to help you. In this case, you can state your request and then say: Could you put me through to someone who might be able to help me? Locating someone at a company can be frustrating if you are passed from person to person. Try not to let your frustration show!
Make request
Making a request involves three stages: introducing yourself, giving background, and making the request itself. Introduce yourself by giving your name and explaining who you are: I’m ...., I’m a first-year student at Hong Kong University....
If you have been given the receiver's name by someone else, you should also mention this: Mr. Chan from Eurasia Products suggested that I call you....
Give the background to your request by explaining why you are making it: I’m doing a project on work experience and I need to arrange a visit to a company in your field....
Make your request politely and clearly. Make sure that the receiver knows exactly what agreeing to your request will involve: how much of her time will it involve and what will she or her staff will have to do: I wonder if I could pay a visit to your office for an hour or so sometime in the next two weeks, to talk to one of your staff about....
Make arrangement
If the person you are calling agrees to your request, it is important to make a clear arrangement. If you are arranging a meeting, for example, arrange the time and place and make sure you know where to go and what to do when you get there. Make a note of all the information so that you do not need to call back again to find out something you have missed. If the person you are calling cannot agree to your request, he may modify it. Listen carefully and try to fit in with his schedule. If the person you are calling cannot agree to your request at all, ask if he knows someone else who can help: Do you know anyone else who might be able to help me? Whether the receiver can help you or not, thank her and close the call politely.
Close the call
As the caller, it is your job to close the call when you have got the information you need. Unless the receiver shows that he wants to talk, it is not polite to chat once your business is finished. If there is a difficult silence at the end of the call, it is probably because you are not doing your job of closing the call.
You can do this by confirming the arrangement (So, I’ll come to your office on Monday at 10...), thanking the receiver (Thank you very much for your help...), and saying goodbye (Goodbye...).
In each case, wait for the receiver’s response before you go on to the next stage. Wait until you have heard the receiver say goodbye before you hang up.
Quiz 1: Ways of thanking
• Q1 Words can't possibly ....... how grateful I am for what you have done.
(a) detail (b) delineate (c) underline (d) express
• Q2 Thank you so much for helping me. I really ....... it.
(a) accept (b) agree (c) appreciate (d) deserve
• Q3 A thousand thanks for all your hard work. I shall never ....... it.
(a) forego (b) forget (c) foretell (d) forbid
• Q4 They showed their great gratitude by sending us a large ....... of money.
(a) sum (b) packet (c) box (d) bundle
• Q5 Thank you for all you've done from the ....... of my heart.
(a) base (b) foundation (c) end (d) bottom
• Q6 I'm sending this bunch of flowers as a small ....... of my thanks and appreciation.
(a) piece (b) token (c) counter (d) emblem
• Q7 How can I ....... thank you enough for all you've done?
(a) entirely (b) probably (c) possibly (d) exactly
• Q8 On the watch they gave him were the words: ....... gratitude for 40 years loyal service.
(a) at (b) of (c) by (d) in
• Q9 It's very difficult for children to ....... their gratitude for what their parents have done for them.
(a) show (b) initiate (c) enclose (d) refer
• Q10 Look upon this as a ....... of thank you present for all your endeavours on our behalf.
(a) type (b) sort (c) sign (d) species
Quiz 2: Money Matters (3)
• Q1 The representative of the financial consultants
assured her that the policy of the firm was that of complete ........
(a) destiny (b) devotion (c) commitment (d) attention
• Q2 There is no need to worry about the money side of the project because ....... are available from the charity sponsoring us.
(a) foundations (b) funds (c) findings (d) finds
• Q3 The present finance minister has adopted a very ....... approach towards change and always follows a very cautious policy.
(a) concerned (b) considering (c) concerning (d) conservative
• Q4 As all advisers always do, she stressed that investing in this particular market had to be considered as a ....... commitment over at least 10 years.
(a) elongated (b) lengthy (c) long-term (d) longing
• Q5 The best way to develop an income for the future is to invest in a series of companies and in that way to build up a ........
(a) suitcase (b) portfolio (c) folder (d) briefcase
• Q6 I strongly recommend investing in these shares because you will get a very good ....... after only a few years.
(a) reward (b) reprise (c) return (d) response
• Q7 The question is whether it is ....... to sell up all your shares at this stage rather than wait to see how the market is next year.
(a) wisdom (b) wise (c) wisely (d) wisest
• Q8 There is no question that the most important ....... in that company is its youthful enthusiasm.
(a) resort (b) resorted (c) resource (d) resorting
• Q9 If you want to make a good job of selling shares to the public, you must have an element of ....... in your approach.
(a) attacking (b) aggression (c) fighting (d) invasion
• Q10 It's a personal matter whether you choose stock from this company or from that because in the end it's an ....... of mind.
(a) advance (b) approach (c) attitude (d) angle
QUIZ 1
1.D2.C3.B4.A5.D6.B7.C8.D9.C10.BQUIZ 2
1.C2.B3.D4.C5.B6.C7.B8.C9.B10.C
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ينبغي للطلبةالتأشير بأنه منجز
Most presentations are divided into 3 main parts (+ questions):
1
Introduction
Questions
2
Body
3
Conclusion
Questions
As a general rule in communication, repetition is valuable. In presentations, there is a golden rule about repetition:
o Say what you are going to say,
o say it,
o then say what you have just said.
In other words, use the three parts of your presentation to reinforce your message. In the introduction, you tell your audience what your message is going to be. In the body, you tell your audience your real message. In the conclusion, you summarize what your message was.
Introduction
The introduction is a very important - perhaps the most important - part of your presentation. This is the first impression that your audience has of you. You should concentrate on getting your introduction right. You should use the introduction to:
1. welcome your audience
2. introduce your subject
3. outline the structure of your presentation
4. give instructions about questions
The following are examples of language for each of these functions. You may need to modify the language as appropriate.
1. Welcoming your audience
· Good morning, ladies and gentlemen
· Good morning, gentlemen
· Good afternoon, ladies and gentleman
· Good afternoon, everybody
2. Introducing your subject
· I am going to talk today about...
· The purpose of my presentation is to introduce our new range of...
3. Outlining your structure
· To start with I’ll describe the progress made this year. Then I’ll mention some of the problems we’ve encountered and how we overcame them. After that I’ll consider the possibilities for further growth next year. Finally, I’ll summarize my presentation (before concluding with some recommendations).
4. Giving instructions about questions
· Do feel free to interrupt me if you have any questions.
· I’ll try to answer all of your questions after the presentation.
· I plan to keep some time for questions after the presentation.
Body
The body is the ‘real’ presentation. If the introduction was well prepared and delivered, you will now be ‘in control’. You will be relaxed and confident. The body should be well structured, divided up logically, with plenty of carefully spaced visuals. Remember these key points while delivering the body of your presentation:
· do not hurry
· be enthusiastic
· give time on visuals
· maintain eye contact
· modulate your voice
· look friendly
· keep to your structure
· use your notes
· signpost throughout
· remain polite when dealing with difficult questions
Conclusion
Use the conclusion to:
1. Sum up
2. (Give recommendations if appropriate)
3. Thank your audience
4. Invite questions
The following are examples of language for each of these functions. You may need to modify the language as appropriate.
1. Summing up
· To conclude,...
· In conclusion,...
· Now, to sum up...
· So let me summarize/recap what I’ve said.
· Finally, may I remind you of some of the main points we’ve considered.
2. Giving recommendations
· In conclusion, my recommendations are...
· I therefore suggest/propose/recommend the following strategy.
3. Thanking your audience
· Many thanks for your attention.
· May I thank you all for being such an attentive audience.
4. Inviting questions
· Can I answer any questions?
· Do you have any questions?
· Are there any final questions?
· I would be happy to answer any questions.
· If you have any questions, I would be pleased to answer them.
· I would welcome any comments/suggestions.
· Now I’ll try to answer any questions you may have.
Questions
Questions are a good opportunity for you to interact with your audience. It may be helpful for you to try to predict what questions will be asked so that you can prepare your response in advance. You may wish to accept questions at any time during your presentation, or to keep a time for questions after your presentation. Normally, it’s your decision, and you should make it clear during the introduction. Be polite with all questioners, even if they ask difficult questions. They are showing interest in what you have to say and they deserve attention.
Quiz 1: How to make exclamations
• Q1 What a wonderful day to see the mountains .......!
(a) off (b) by (c) on (d) in
• Q2 How stupid can I get! I ....... my keys in the door overnight.
(a) forgot (b) deserted (c) traced (d) left
• Q3 For goodness sake stop ....... about the weather! It'll stop raining soon.
(a) criticizing (b) telling (c) complaining (d) calling
• Q4 What on earth are you talking about? I can't make head or ....... of it.
(a) tail (b) end (c) finish (d) part
• Q5 How nice of you to come all this ....... just to wish me a happy birthday.
(a) path (b) journey (c) route (d) way
• Q6 What a disaster! I don't believe anything else could go ....... now.
(a) off (b) wrong (c) incorrect (d) false
• Q7 Wow! You've certainly made a good ....... of decorating this room.
(a) job (b) work (c) task (d) duty
• Q8 Well blow me down! I just can't believe I've actually ....... my exam.
(a) succeeded (b) passed (c) caught (d) tackled
• Q9 You could have knocked me down with a feather! You mean to say he's ....... cleaned my car.
(a) certainly (b) surely (c) naturally (d) actually
• Q10 I'll go to the foot of my stairs! It must be at ....... 20 years since we last met.
(a) last (b) length (c) least (d) end
Quiz 2: Money Matters (4)
• Q1 There is one date you mustn't forget and that's the ....... for sending in details of your earnings to the tax office.
(a) headline (b) deadline (c) mainline (d) offline
• Q2 If you are self-employed, you must make sure that you ....... the form indicating how much you have earned.
(a) fill up (b) fill through (c) fill out (d) fill on
• Q3 If the department agrees that you have paid too much tax in the year, you will receive a ....... in due course.
(a) return (b) reply (c) response (d) refund
• Q4 Each month when you receive your pay, the employer ....... a certain amount to pay towards your pension.
(a) withholds (b) withstands (c) withdraws (d) without
• Q5 When you take out a loan, you have to pay interest on the amount you ........
(a) own (b) lend (c) owe (d) take
• Q6 In the tax office there will be a ....... that holds all the documents and papers connected with you.
(a) file (b) box (c) book (d) container
• Q7 There is quite a heavy financial ....... attached to any action that involves late payment of taxes.
(a) punishment (b) pain (c) restriction (d) penalty
• Q8 Under the new regulations you can agree yourself to ....... the tax you have to pay on the income over the previous year.
(a) figure (b) calculate (c) add (d) amount
• Q9 As the couple had a ....... account, the money to pay the mortgage was taken from there.
(a) joint (b) united (c) unified (d) joined
• Q10 You can decide, if you so wish, to ....... your right to take your pension at an earlier date.
(a) give in (b) give up (c) give out (d) give off
QUIZ 1
1.C2.D3.C4.A5.D6.B7.A8.B9.D10.CQUIZ 2
1.B2.C3.D4.A5.C6.A7.D8.B9.A10.B
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